000			02923nam a22003377u 4500
001			pwiiw4912
003			OSt
005			20260518120039.0
008			190612t2019 au ||||| |||| 00| ||eng d
040			_cOSt
041			_aeng
084			_aF22 _aJ01 _aJ08 _aJ11 _aJ21 _aJ23 _aJ61 _2jelc
100	1		_aGrieveson, Richard
245	1	0	_aEU Faces a Tough Demographic Reckoning
260			_aWien : _bWiener Institut für Internationale Wirtschaftsvergleiche (wiiw), _c2019.
300			_a17 S., _b3 Tables and 9 Figures, _c30cm.
490	1		_awiiw Policy Notes and Reports _v30
520			_aBy 2030, labour demand could be equal to labour supply in most of the EU, creating significant challenges for policy-makers and firms. The ‘tipping point’ at which labour demand will become equal to labour supply in the EU – that is, when labour will become a constraint on economic growth – is now imminent. If current trends continue, most EU countries will hit this ‘tipping point’ during the next decade, many by 2025. Vacancy rates and surveys of employers find that firms in some sectors are already facing severe labour constraints on production. Most of CEE will be hit first, not least because they are still losing so many workers to Western Europe. For Western Europe, however, the situation will also become difficult soon, especially for Germany. This is an enormous challenge for policy-makers, and will become even more so in the future. Policy options to counter demographic trends can be split into four main areas: higher productivity, immigration, activity rates, or fertility. However, none is a silver bullet. Even if all of these policies are pursued successfully and in combination, they are unlikely to fundamentally alter the picture. The implications of this demographic decline do not have to be all negative. Combined with intelligent upgrading of infrastructure and investment in productivity-enhancing improvements in industry, there is no reason that these population trends cannot go hand-in-hand with increases in per capita GDP and living standards. Much can be learned from Japan in this regard.   The politics of the future in the EU is likely to be defined by generational questions, and potentially inter-generational conflict. Policy discussions are likely to centre ever more on immigration, how to fund old-age and child care, how to extend working lives, automation, and the problematic issue of financial incentives to increase fertility rates.
650			_ademographics
650			_amigration
650			_aemigration
650			_aimmigration
650			_aautomation
651			_aEuropean Union
690			_aLabour, Migration and Income Distribution
700	1		_aLeitner, Sandra M.
700	1		_aStehrer, Robert _95
830		0	_v30 _wWIIW0000092 _twiiw Policy Notes and Reports
856	4	0	_uhttps://wiiw.ac.at/p-4912.html
942			_cP
999			_c8802 _d8802